Great Educators of Three Centuries - http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24114916
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Universal education; literacy; use of native language in teaching and learning; importance of family; and importance of religion and literacy as the purposes and basis for education.
Luther on Reformed education - http://www.spindleworks.com/library/rfaber/luther_edu.htm
Educational Theory - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Luther.html
Martin Luther Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_luther
John Amos Comenius (1592-1678)
Wrote The Great Didactic and Orbis Pictus; humans born in image of God; advocate of universal education; natural order of education; and important role of sensory experiences.
State University - http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1868/Comenius-Johann-1592-1670.html
Waldorf Homeschoolers page - http://www.waldorfhomeschoolers.com/comenius
Bio - http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Amos-Comenius
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Comenius
John Locke (1632-1704)
Identified "tabula rasa" or blank tablet view of mind; important role of environment and experiences; and importance of the senses in learning.
History and Timeline - http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/locke.html
Society for Recognition of - http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/john-locke-134.php
Educational Theory - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Locke.html
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke
UNESCO -http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/lockee.PDF
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Wrote Emile, the life of a hypothetical child from birth to adolescence; return to nature and a naturalistic approach to education; idea of "unfolding;" basic innate goodness of children; and children develop through experiences with the environment.
Jean Jocke Rousseau on Education - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau
Society for Recognition of - http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jean-jacques-rousseau-233.php
UNESCO - Long URL
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827)
Back-to-nature concepts; started school at Neuhof and developed ideas of integrating of home life, vocational education, and education for reading and writing; and wrote Leonard and Gertrude, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children and Book for Mothers.
Pestalozzi on Education - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-pest.htm
UNESCO -http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/Publications/Thinkers/ThinkersPdf/pestaloe.PDF
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi
Neuhof - http://www.neuhof.org/geschichte/
Pestalozzi's BIography - http://www.bruehlmeier.info/biography.htm
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Environmentalist; believed that by controlling the circumstances and consequent outcomes of child-rearing, a new and more perfect society could be built; and opened an infant school in 1861.
Education and the New Society - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-owen.htm
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen
PDF Download - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen
New Lanark - http://www.newlanark.org/robertowen.shtml
Video of New Lanark - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1nlAjJge_w
Video of Owen - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPy_lK9HRys
Video of New Harmony - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dj1j62LyjM
Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel (1782-1852)
Identified as "Father of Kindergarten," developed a curriculum and methodology (gifts and occupations, role of play, rhymes and songs, etc.) and wrote Mother's Songs, Games, and Stories. Developed the “Froebel Gifts”, intricate and beautiful manipulative materials.
Froebel in Infed - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-froeb.htm
Froebel.com - http://www.friedrichfroebel.com/
Froebel web - http://www.froebelweb.org/images/froebel.html
PDF Download - http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/Publications/Thinkers/ThinkersPdf/frobels.PDF
Froebel Online Books - https://www.questia.com/library/education/educators-and-educational-theorists/friedrich-froebel
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804 - 1894)
Champion of education reform and visionary teacher. Established the first formal American Kindergarten in 1860. Studied and applied the work of Froebel in America. Mrs. Peabody was a proponent of the idea that each child should receive education that emerged from their innate capacity
NAEYC - https://www.naeyc.org/yc/files/yc/file/201305/0513_OPH_Elizbeth_Peabody.pdf
Brittanica - http://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Palmer-Peabody
New World Encyclopedia - http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elizabeth_Peabody
Open Education Ideals - https://opensource.com/education/13/8/open-education-ideals-peabody
Transcendentalism - http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/peabody/
Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
Medical doctor and perceptive observer of young children. Developed the Montessori Method, Philosophy, and Materials; and traveled widely to disseminate ideas of her work. Developed an approach to schooling that focuses on a carefully prepared environment employing self-correcting manipulative materials.
Maria on Infed - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-mont.htm
NAMTA - http://www.montessori-namta.org/Maria-Montessori
AMS - http://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/History-of-Montessori-Education/Biography-of-Maria-Montessori
UNESCO - http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/Publications/Thinkers/ThinkersPdf/montesse.pdf
John Dewey (1859-1952)
Was the leader of the progressive education movement, emphasizing the child and his interests, the child-centered curriculum or child-centered school; and wrote several books, including My Pedagogical Creed which set forth his beliefs that education is "a process of living, not a preparation for future living".
Dewey and Education - http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-dewey.htm
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey
Cylibrary - http://dewey.pragmatism.org/
Marxist take - https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/1960/x03.htm
Center for Dewey Studies - http://deweycenter.siu.edu/
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Developed a widely-accepted theory of intellectual development, identifying four major stages of intellectual thinking. His writings and ideas have made a major impact on early childhood education programs since the 1960s.
Jean Piaget Society - http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html
Learning and Teaching - http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm
Educational Theory - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Piaget.html
UNESCO - http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/Publications/Thinkers/ThinkersPdf/piagete.PDF
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Constructivist; believed that children's mental, language and social development is supported and enhanced by others through social interaction. Bruner applies the term “scaffolding” to the support that teachers provide their students in the zone of proximal development.
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky
Educational Theory - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Vygotsky.html
Simple Psychology - http://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html
UNESCO - http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/vygotske.pdf
Jerome Bruner (1915-)
Cognitive psychologist and educational theorist noted for his efforts to bring the work of Vygotsky and Piaget to the attention of the West. A cognitive constructivist who championed discovery and guided discovery based learning. Coined the term scaffolding. Author of the groundbreaking "The Process of Education"
New Foundations - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Bruner.html
WIKI - Bruner - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Learning_theories_in_practice/Jerome_Bruner
Constructivism - http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/bruner.html
Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994)
Visionary Italian educator who worked with post war educators to design a revolutionary new approach to ECE based in the city of Reggio Emilia. Designd schools to be collaborative, project-based with deep community involvement. Making learning visible.
Reggio children - http://www.reggiochildren.it/identita/loris-malaguzzi/?lang=en
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Emilia_approach
Your Image of the Child - http://www.reggioalliance.org/downloads/malaguzzi%3Accie%3A1994.pdf
Malaguzzi Article - http://www.reggioalliance.org/downloads/malaguzziyoungchildren.pdf
Howard Gardner (1943-)
A contemporary theorist who proposes that one unitary intelligence not a good way to describe human intellect. Instead he proposes that there are many different ways in which we demonstrate our intelligence. Encourages the structuring of schooling around authentic learning experiences that include authentic performance-based assessments.
Howard on Infed -http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm
Biography - http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/howard-gardner.htm
Educational Theory - http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Gardner.html
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