-Many of today's ideas in education aren't really new at all, they are derived from old ideas.
-Many of these ideas still haven't been implemented
-Ideas from earlier people help us w/ future ideas, insight, & where we are heading currently
-Ideas are fundamental; What is the best way to learn and therefore the best way to teach? i think it is always a work in progress, the more we learn about children and how they learn then our teaching will change to reflect how they might best learn.
-Early philosophers where proto-scientists; intellectual scientists
Aristotle said :
-Greeks had a well established education system
-Spartans would train young boys around the age of 6. This was one of the first forms of education.
-Plato believed that "Knowledge that is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind. So do not use compulsion but let early education be a sort of amusement."
, spartans began training at early age, i.e. young boys
-Plato was one of the first to realize that not everyone learns in the same way and that children have individual learning differences.
-Lessons were made interesting, praise was encouraged and corporal punishment discouraged.
Life in the dark ages was nasty, brutish and short. Miserable for children,children were sent to monastery often corporal punishment used.This due to the fact that many couldn't afford to feed another mouth.
-They tried to make learning interesting, they enforced encouragement rather than corporal punishment.
-Dark ages made things worse for children
-People felt they couldn't afford to feed children during this time and as a result many children were killed
-Martin Luther (1483-1546) believed that individuals should be taught to read in their native language so that they could interpret the bible on their own rather than being told by priests.
-Martin Luther was the first that believed in an universal education for all children and that children should be taught in their language so that individuals could learn how to read in their own language.
-Original Sin: All children are born bad, and the only way to change them is to control them "spare the rod and spoil the child."
-John Comenius (1592-1670) wrote "Orbis Pictus" which is considered to be the first picture book for children. It is meant to tell children all they needed to know.
-Before his books, most literature was kept in monasteries for only the elite to read
-His 2 important contributions was providing books with illustrations and an emphasis on sensory training (which is the idea that learning is best accomplished through the senses).
-John Locke (1632-1704) formed the idea of Tabula Rasa or Blank Tablet which is the idea that we are born without knowledge and that are minds are like a "blank tablet." Although he still believed that some people were born better than others depending on their social standing.
-He bases these ideas off of his philosophies and not upon data. He was a nobleman not a peasant.
-Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) believed that children are born innately good. "God makes all things good, Man meddles with them and they become evil."
-What is your belief about the nature of children? This is a very important question to keep asking throughout your teaching career
-Johann Pestalozzi (1746-1827) begins a school called Neuhof (New house or New School) where children could learn naturally in their environment (a nature school).
-He believed that all education is based on sensory impressions.
-He believed that girls should be educated also and included them within his school
-Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) read about Pestalozzi and likes his ideas, and begins his own school.
-In Germany he starts a school for kinders to grow in a garden. He is known as the father of kindergarten.
-He believed that children learn as a way of unfolding. He thought a teacher should observe this natural unfolding and enable children to learn when they are ready
-He thought kids should play to learn. He has toys that he calls gifts that are designed to be educational games. Occupations were crafts such as sewing or drawing.
-He was the first to encourage unmarried women to become teachers
-Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an environmentalist.
-He was in industrialist in Britain & he was also a Utopian. He noticed that parents that worked in his industries had two major focuses: working and children.
-He wanted to create a perfect society where everyone is happy, and he therefore developed the first preschool in 1816.
-All believed in beginning learning at an early age
-Children needed aid from parents and teachers in order to learn
-Margarethe Schurz (1833-1876) established the 1st kindergarten in the United states. She held classes out of her home.
-Elizabeth Peabody (1804-1894) was an idealistic religious woman who heard about Schurz. When she went to observe Schurz, she was given a book by Froebel.
-She goes to Germany to study other followers of Froebel's teachings.
-She then began to promote kindergartens within the United States.
-She convinced Milton Bradley to produce Froebel's gifts and convinced William T. Harris (St. Louis superintendent) to open the first public kindergarten.
-Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was the first female in Italy to earn a medical degree. She worked in a psychiatric clinic at the University of Rome and worked with mentally retarded children.
-She collected toys/materials for children to play with. She proceeded to work with the children in educating them.
-The children later took a public school examination and were able to pass at the same levels as normal children in public schools.
-She then designing a a school which she named Casa dei Bambini (Children's house).
-She believed children have sensitive periods where they are more likely to experiment with different things, and therefore the schools are set up to meet these needs.
-There are now AMI and AMS schools. AMS believes in following Maria Montessori's beliefs strictly. AMI is more leftist and does things a little more freely.
-Practical life, Sensory education, Academic education.
-Montessori schools are age groupings of ages 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, & 15-18
-John Dewey (1859-1952) was the leader of the progressive movement.
-He invited Montessori to speak in the United states
-He believes that children learn by doing, he rejected Froebel's idea of absorbing.
-Everyone has different experiences which causes them to learn a little differently (idea of constructivism: to construct an understanding rather than absorb an understanding.)
-First U.S. educator that is identified within our text.
-He was the leader of the Progressive movement
-He asked for the first Lab school in the United States. They would build a playhouse that included architecture, planning, problem solving (ex.how many nails do we need?)
-Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is considered the first field theorist, by watching his children and forming theories from his observation.
-He said we are driven to learn new things, and once we get something we are no longer satisfied with it. Therefore we have a natural need to improve and grow.
-He was a cognitive constructivist
-He came to these conclusions:
-Children play an active role in their own cognitive development.
-Mental and physical activity are important for children's cognitive development.
-Experiences constitute the raw materials children use to develop mental structures.
-Development is a continuous process.
-Development results from maturation and the transactions or interactions between children and their physical and social environments.
-Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a communist
-He was a social constructivist - a communal act
-The idea of peer tutoring came from him.
-Howard Gardner (b. 1943) is well known for his multiple intelligences theory
-He is currently working with colleagues at Harvard's Project Zero where they are working on the design of performance-based assessments, education for understanding, and the use of multiple intelligences to achieve more personalized curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
-Individuals while they are being different can have different strengths. There are multiple ways in which intelligence can be defined.
What are wet nurses?
I think they were woman that nursed others infants, as in breast feeding
Thanks!
yeah they are. that was the only way to keep some babies alive - still in use today
Original Sin - Children are born bad (sinful) and from this a parenting and pedagogical approach comes - Spear the rod and spoil the child, so we need to control them. Then John Comenius came along and brought books out " to the public" because before all books (and therefore knowledge) was found in monistery or kept by the Church.
Was the Dark Ages something that came after Plato and Aristotle but before the Reformation?? Plato and Aristotle lived way before the Dark ages and the Reformation. Plato was about 347 BC while the reformation was about 1500
Dark ages approx 500 -1000 A.D.
Thank you!!
pismire...?
dictionary.com says it's an ant--I have no idea if that helps!
Is this Comenius?
this is the fine John Comenius
I think so.
The golden rule : place everything before the senses. Two important contributions were provide books with pictures and .....
What was the second rule ?
sensory training
John Locke 1704 - Children are born as a blank slate. "Tabula Rasa". This means that children are an empty vessel and the environment can teach them. " white wax for people to be molded" " observe what their native stock is ( parent and lineage) how it might be improved .... " What he is saying is that we are born blank but some "wax" is better then "other wax" - this provides the foundation for the behaviorist thought of the "future". this is his philosophical view, he has no data to build this thought on.
After Locke comes J.J. Rousseau - Children are born innately good.
Education is made of continuum's from good to bad. Rousseau idea fascinated people - one of whom was Pestalozzi
John Locke was a noblist because not all slates are created equal.
Original Sin(Martin Luther) Tabula Rasa (Locke) Innate Goodness (Rousseau)
I-----------------------------------------------I-----------------------------------------I
Yes Original Sin is Martin Luther- Original Sin has been around a lot longer than Martin Luther
IF children are innately good you do not have to control them, all you have to do is provide " water and food and the flowers will grow" - or are children neutral and "mold them". This is at the foundation of our personal pedagogical belief what do we believe.
God makes everything good, man messes it up.
Pestalozzi believes that we need to follow children's natural instincts and believes that girls too should be educated. Learning by doing, both genders learning together in a natural environment.Everyone together to teach. But there were issues too he is easily angered, has a child that cannot/will not learn. But his ideas influence Froebel and visits Perstalozzi and likes the idea but realizes Perstalozzi shortcomings. Froebel is know as the father of the garden for kinders ( that is where kindergarden comes from - a beautiful environment
Froebel, (father of kindergarten)
Children should grow beautifully like seeds
He does circle time
New concept - kids should play to learn, singing too,
He has toys for children to play with that he calls gifts that are of different shapes and sizes
First educator to encourage for young unmarried woman to become teachers ( woman tend gardens therefore if children are like gardens then it is natural that they can tend them well)
Robert Owen - Environmentalist - he lived in Britain ( Wales) and had a business - industry- and he notices that parents had this dual impulse. They wanted to work but also to take care of their parents. And he wanted good happy workers and realized that they had to be part of a complete environment - how about having the children in school at the factory. If I want to crate a perfect society - a new lanark- this is the first daycare - where children were "kept" in a place close to where their parents worked.
*Oregon does not require kindergarten and in some states it is not even funded
Where did all the farm animals come from? Next to him on the table?
-probably from zane's play room :)